Common Causes of Pressure Injuries: Prevention and Care Guidelines

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Pressure injuries, commonly known as bedsores or pressure ulcers, occur when the skin or underlying tissue is subjected to prolonged pressure, leading to impaired blood circulation, ischemia, and tissue necrosis. These injuries are prevalent among individuals who are bedridden for extended periods, have limited mobility, or suffer from sensory impairments. They cause significant pain to patients and prolong recovery. Understanding the common causes of pressure injuries is crucial for healthcare professionals and caregivers in effectively preventing and treating them.

Primary Contributors to Pressure Injuries
The most direct cause of pressure injuries is sustained latvia telegram database pressure. When a part of the body is subjected to continuous pressure from a mattress, wheelchair, or other surface for an extended period, the capillaries in that area become compressed, preventing normal blood flow. The skin and underlying tissues are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, eventually leading to necrosis and ulcer formation. Bony prominences such as the sacrum, greater trochanter, ischial tuberosities, heels, and elbows are high-risk areas because the concentrated pressure on a smaller surface area increases the likelihood of injury.

Other Significant Risk Factors
Beyond direct pressure, several other factors increase the risk of pressure injuries. Shear and friction forces are important contributors. When a patient slides or is dragged on a bed or wheelchair, the skin experiences friction, while the deeper tissues are distorted against the bone, causing shear forces. These forces twist and damage small blood vessels, accelerating injury development. A moist environment, such as from incontinence or excessive sweating, macerates the skin, reducing its resistance and making it more susceptible to breakdown. Malnutrition (especially protein deficiency) impairs tissue repair capabilities, making the skin more fragile. Increased age, chronic diseases (like diabetes, vascular diseases), neurological impairments, and impaired consciousness (inability to perceive pressure and adjust position) are intrinsic factors that also significantly elevate the risk of pressure injury.

Prevention Strategies and Daily Care
Preventing pressure injuries requires a multi-faceted and comprehensive approach. Firstly, regular repositioning and turning are core measures, with bedridden patients being turned every 2 hours and wheelchair users performing pressure relief lifts every 15-30 minutes. Secondly, maintaining clean and dry skin, promptly managing incontinence, and using breathable linens and clothing are essential. Utilizing pressure-reducing devices such as specialized mattresses and cushions helps to distribute pressure. Enhancing nutritional support, ensuring adequate protein and vitamin intake, promotes tissue repair. High-risk patients should undergo regular skin assessments to detect early changes. Healthcare professionals and caregivers should receive professional training in correct care techniques. Through these comprehensive measures, the incidence of pressure injuries can be effectively reduced, improving patients' quality of life.